The Lowell Mills Textile Factories, Dred Scott, The Potato...

Lowell Mills The Lowell Mills were textile factories in Lowell, Massachusetts. These factories started popping up in the brink of the Industrial Revolution. These factories were very unlike many other factories that we think of because these were factories were people (mostly young women) are working in these factories, but also live on site. These young females were usually the ages 15-30 years old. This made up close to about seventy-five percent of the whole textile factory. These factories were very controversial because women were not usually working in these times. These young women decided to come to these factories to help make ends meet or try and get an education. The working quarters were very packed having usually 80 women in these small crapped rooms. This working condition would have never been able to work in today’s working factories. The living quarters where very small and where not up to standards by any means. These women where packed in like sardines and they had curfews by ten at night. These women also had very strict regulations to follow throughout the work day and many of these women did everything together. There overseers were usually men and they were pushed to work super-fast and super hard. The pay was more than they would get paid in many other places, but wasn’t very good for the hours they had to put in and the strict rules they had to obey. As time went on many of these women would see pay cuts and they would go on strikes, but these

Can Breastfeeding In The First Six Months Prevent Childhood Obesity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3040 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Topics: Childhood Essay Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Can breastfeeding in the first six months prevent childhood obesity? Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥25kg/m2 (World Health Organisation 2015). In the past decade, throughout much of the world, the rates of obesity in children in particular have increased to epidemic proportions (Lefebvre John 2012, p. 386). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Can Breastfeeding In The First Six Months Prevent Childhood Obesity" essay for you Create order The World Health Organisation (2015) estimates that 42 million children under the age of 5 years are overweight or obese worldwide and in Britain, overweight and obesity affects nearly one-third of children aged 2 to 15 years (Health and Social Care Information Centre 2009). Since obesity in childhood is strongly correlated with serious disease and increased risk of mortality throughout life (Yan et al. 2014, p. 3), and because of the significant direct costs of obesity on health services and societies globally (Department of Health 2011), strategies to prevent childhood obesity are of paramount importance. Research has suggested that breastfeeding for the first six months may be protective against and, therefore, prevent obesity in childhood (Lefebvre John 2012, p. 386). Through a critical evaluation of this research, this paper will answer the question of whether breastfeeding in the first six months can prevent childhood obesity. The beneficial effects of breastfeeding for chi ldren are well-established in the literature. High-quality studies have demonstrated that children who are breastfed have a reduced risk of ear infections (Duncan et al. 1993, p. 867), respiratory infections (Bachrach, Schwarz Bachrach 2003, p. 237), necrotizing enterocolitis (Lucas Cole 1990, p. 1519), gastroenteritis (Chien 2001, p. 69), diabetes (Owen et al. 2006, p. 1043), atopic dermatitis (Gdalevich et al 2001, p. 520) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (Vennemann et al. 2005, p. 655). Breast milk is not only rich in protective antibodies and beneficial bacteria, it is nutritionally-balanced and adapts to meet an infants changing needs (National Health Service 2015). Research has therefore suggested that another significant benefit of breastfeeding may be that is acts as a protective factor against obesity in childhood. Kramer was the first to report that breastfeeding may result in a significantly reduced risk of obesity in children (1981, p. 4). In the next two dec ades, a number of similar studies also suggested an association between breastfeeding and a reduction in the risk of childhood obesity. In the mid-2000s this research was collated into three seminal meta-analyses which concluded that, overall, breastfeeding for the first six months did reduce the risk of childhood obesity. For example, Arenz et al. (2004, p. 1247) found that obesity had a small but consistent protective effect against obesity in children. This was supported by Owen et al. (2005, p. 1367), who demonstrated a small positive correlation between breastfeeding and a reduction in the risk of childhood obesity. Harder et al. (2005, p. 397) also found that the duration of breastfeeding was inversely associated with the risk of childhood obesity. These meta-analyses suggested an overall 15% to 30% reduction in odds of overweight from breastfeeding. However, they were widely criticised for major methodological problems, including a failure to deal appropriately or consistentl y with confounding variables such as parental BMI. As a result, the evidence they presented on the relationship between breastfeeding and reduced childhood obesity risk was not widely accepted. However, the potential for a correlation between breastfeeding and a reduction in the risk of childhood obesity continued to be discussed and researched. In the past decade, a small number of high-quality studies have investigated this potential relationship. Evidence from this research is largely conflicting, with results varying depending on the study design used. For example, two large randomised-controlled trials found breastfeeding had no impact on the prevalence of obesity in children aged 6 or 11 years (Kramer et al., 2007, p. 1717; Martin et al., 2013, p. 1005). Similarly, several studies in siblings found no differences in the BMI of breastfed versus non-breastfed children (Evenhouse Reilly 2005, p. 1781; Gillman et al. 2006, p. 112; Colen Ramsey 2014, p. 55). Likewise, two high -quality American studies reported either no (Jiang Foster 2013, p. 628) or small and inconsistent (Jenkins Foster 2014, p. S128) effects of breastfeeding on childhood BMI. Conversely, multiple studies have reported a positive relationship between breastfeeding and a reduction in the risk of childhood obesity. For example, a large UK study concluded that breastfeeding reduced the overall risk of childhood obesity to a degree considered statistically-significant. These findings are supported in high-quality studies from Germany (Grube e tal. 2015, p. 1), Brazil (Assuncao et al. 2015, p. 1) and Japan (Jwa et al. 2015, p. 1527). Furthermore, these studies demonstrate that the length of time a child is breastfeed is proportional to the degree of their reduction in obesity risk, and that the inverse association between breastfeeding and overweight appears to be sustained over time. Part of the problem underpinning these marked differences in study results can be explained by the qua lity of the studies themselves. Randomised-controlled trials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the gold standard of research trials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" investigating the effects of breastfeeding are rare, because the well-established benefits of breastfeeding means allocating children into breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding cohorts would raise justifiable ethical concerns (Grube et al. 2015, p. 2). In studies where groups are not randomised, a spurious relationship between breastfeeding and reduced risk of obesity may result as a result of confounding if, for example, mothers who breastfeed also adopt a healthier lifestyle involving a nutritious diet and adequate physical activity for themselves and their children (Centers for Disease Control 2007, p. 3). Reasons for these marked differences in study results can also be explained by the diverse sociocultural context in which both breastfeeding and obesity are grounded. Essentially, sociocultural factors have a significant impact on both breastf eeding and obesity which confounds the relationship between these two variables. For example, a cohort study examining the correlation between breastfeeding and childhood obesity in groups of English and Brazilian children found that breastfeeding was associated with reduced risk of childhood obesity in the English cohort but not in the Brazilian cohort (Brion et al., 2011, p. 670). This study suggests that sociocultural factors have a significant impact on the relationship between breastfeeding and childhood obesity in cohorts with different sociocultural characteristics. Another similar cohort study confirmed that breastfeeding in particular is a socially-patterned phenomena, and that as a result the relationship between breastfeeding and childhood obesity may differ between cohorts in low- to middle-income and high-income countries (Fall et al., 2007, p. 47). Furthermore, a high-quality meta-analysis found that evidence for the relationship between breastfeeding and childhood obe sity is primarily derived from studies conducted in high-income countries where the correlation between breastfeeding and socioeconomic status is a significant source of confounding in this relationship (Horta Victora 2013). It is apparent, therefore, that the question of whether breastfeeding in the first six months can prevent childhood obesity is largely dependent on sociocultural factors. The sociocultural-dependent nature of the relationship between breastfeeding and childhood obesity is also revealed in studies which have adjusted statistically for other covariates, such as sociodemographic factors and variables concerning birth, pregnancy and parental atopy, etc. For example, in one adjusted study on a German cohort, Grube et al. (2015, p. 1) conclude that breastfeeding might help to prevent childhood obesity. However, in another adjusted study on a Chinese cohort Jing et al. (2015, p. 55) found no statistically significant effect of breastfeeding on reducing the risk of childhood obesity. Because these studies both adjust for a range of sociodemographic and other covariates, sociocultural differences are an important explanation for the differences observed in results. It is exceedingly difficult, perhaps impossible, to control for the diversity of sociocultural variables evident in different populations. The best that can be done is to control for as many other variables, such as sociodemographic factors, as possible. When this is done, the evidence overwhelmingly suggests that breastfeeding in the first six months can reduce the risk of childhood obesity. For example, a meta-analysis by Horta and Victora (2013) concluded that, if only studies which control for confounding are considered, breastfeeding leads to a reduction in childhood obesity of around 10%. This is supported by another large meta-analysis by Yan (2014) which, after examining only studies controlling for confounding, concluded that the risk of childhood obesity was lower in bre astfed children by 22%. It is worth noting that no Cochrane Systematic Review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the gold standard of meta-analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" has been completed on the relationship between breastfeeding and childhood obesity. However, a Cochrane Systematic Review on evidence for the optimal duration of breastfeeding did conclude that breastfeeding did not confer any protection against obesity in children to the age of 6 years (Kramer Kakuma 2012, p. 5) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a surprising finding, given the conclusions drawn in the previous paragraphs. However, this Cochrane Systematic review looked at obesity in terms of weight gain rather than BMI, the standard measure for obesity. It also did not exclude studies which failed to adjust for confounding. Thus, it is not accurate to compare its results with those of the meta-analyses discussed previously. It is now generally accepted that breastfeeding in the first six months can reduce the risk of childhood obesity. Howev er, complicating this conclusion is the complexity surrounding differences in the concepts of childhood obesity prevention versus risk reduction. The literature widely accepts that breastfeeding reduces the risk of childhood obesity; however, no studies claim that breastfeeding prevents obesity. Thus, in direct answer to the research question it must be concluded that breastfeeding in the first six months does not prevent childhood obesity. However, breastfeeding does reduce the risk of childhood obesity. Moreover, the length of time a child is breastfeed is proportional to the degree of their reduction in obesity risk and the inverse association between breastfeeding and overweight appears to be sustained as the child grows (Centers for Disease Control 2007, p. 4). A variety of research is now being undertaken to further explain the relationship between breastfeeding and a reduction in the risk of childhood obesity. It has been suggested that, due to more normalised concentratio ns of the hormone leptin, breastfed children may have a more well-developed recognition of satiety and an improved ability to self-regulate their energy intake in both early and later childhood (Gillman 2011, p. 681). Hormones in human breast milk may influence this learned self-regulation of energy intake (Savino et al. 2009, p. 397). Additionally, breast fed children have a lower plasma insulin concentration and a shorter insulin response resulting in more regulated body fat deposition (Dietz 2001, p. 2506). Furthermore, the higher protein intake of formula-fed infants may stimulate the secretion of insulin and result in the dysregulation of body fat deposition (Dietz 2001, p. 2506). The conclusion that breastfeeding reduces the risk of childhood obesity is widely accepted by global peak bodies on child health. These peak bodies include the World Health Organisations (2015) UNICEF, whose Baby Friendly Initiative is widely endorsed by maternity hospital and health service in the UK. The relationship between breastfeeding and a reduction in the risk of childhood obesity is also reflected in the policy statements and guidelines of most major paediatric bodies worldwide, including the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2011) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (2012). Obesity in childhood is a significant problem globally. This paper has concluded that whilst breastfeeding in the first six months does not prevent childhood obesity, there is evidence to suggest that breastfeeding does reduce the risk of childhood obesity. Moreover, the length of time a child is breastfeed is proportional to the degree of their reduction in obesity risk and the inverse association between breastfeeding and overweight appears to be sustained over time. However, it must be remembered that both breastfeeding and obesity are grounded in a range of sociocultural determinants which may confound this relationship. However, since obesity in childhood is strongly corre lated with serious disease and increased risk of mortality throughout life, and because of the significant direct costs of obesity health services and societies globally, a relationship between breastfeeding and a reduction in the risk of childhood obesity is a significant finding. Bibliography Arenz, S, Ruckerl, R, Kiletzko, B von Kries, R 2004, Breast-feeding and childhood obesity: A systematic review, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1247-1256. Assuncao, ML, Ferreira, HS, Coutinho, SB, Santos, LMP Horta, BL 2015, Protective effect of breastfeeding against overweight can be detected as early as the second year of life: A study of children from one of the most socially-deprived areas of Brazil, Journal of Health, Population Nutrition, vol. 33, no, 1, pp. 85-91. Bachrach, VR, Schwarz, E Bachrach LR 2003, Breastfeeding and the risk of hospitalization for respiratory disease in infancy: A meta-analysis, Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, vol. 157, no. 3, pp. 237-243. Brion, MJ, Lawlor, DA, Matijasevich, A, Horta, B, Anselmi, L, Araujo, CL, Menezes, AM, Victora, CG Smith, GD 2011, What are the causal effects of breastfeeding on IQ, obesity and blood pressure? Evidence from comparing high-income w ith middle-income cohorts, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 40, pp. 670-680. Centers for Disease Control 2007, Does breastfeeding reduce the risk of pediatric overweight?, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, viewed 27 August 2015, https://www.cdc.gov/about/default.htm Chien, PF Howie PW 2001, Breast milk and the risk of opportunistic infection in infancy in industrialized and non-industrialized settings, Advances in Nurtitional Research, vol. 10, pp. 69-104. Colen, CG Ramsey, DM 2014, Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons, Social Science Medicine, vol. 109, pp. 55-65. Department of Health 2011, Obesity: General information, Department of Health, London, UK, viewed 27 August 2015, https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/https://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Obesity/DH_078098 Dietz, WH 2001, Breastfeeding may help prev ent childhood overweight, Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 285, pp. 2506à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2507. Duncan, B, Ey, J, Holberg, CJ, Wright, AL, Martinez, FD Taussig, LM 1993, Exclusive breast-feeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media, Pediatrics, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 867-872. Evenhouse, E Reilly, S 2005, Improved estimates of the benefits of breastfeeding using sibling comparisons to reduce selection bias, Health Services Research, vol. 40, 1781-1802. Fall, CH, Borja, JB, Osmond, C, Richter, L, Bhargava, SK, Martorell, R, Stein, AD, Barros, FC Victora, CG 2011, Infant-feeding patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood: data from five cohorts in low- and middle-income countries, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 40, pp. 47-62. Gdalevich, M, Mimouni, D, David, M Mimouni, M 2001, Breastfeeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Journal of t he American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 520-527. Gillman, MW, Rifas-Shiman, SL, Berkey, CS, Frazier, AL, Rockett, HR, Camargo, CA Jr, Field, AE Colditz, GA 2007, Breast-feeding and overweight in adolescence: Within-family analysis, Epidemiology, vol. 17, 112-114. Gillman, MW 2011, Commentary: Breastfeeding and obesity, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 40, pp. 681-684. Grube, MM, von der Lippe, E, Schlaud, M Brettschneider, AK 2015, Does breastfeeding help to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity? A propensity score analysis of the data from the KiGSS Study, PLoS ONE, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-16. Harder, R, Bergmann, R, Kallischnigg, G Plagemann, A 2005, Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: A meta-analysis, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 162, no. 5, pp. 397-403. Horta, BL Victora CG 2013, Long-term-effects of breastfeeding. A systematic review, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, viewed 27 Augus t 2015, https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/breastfeeding_long_term_effects/en/ Jenkins, JM Foster, EM 2014, The effects of breastfeeding exclusivity on early childhood outcomes, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 104, no. S1, pp, S128-S135. Jiang, M Foster, EM 2013, Duration of breastfeeding and childhood obesity: A generalized propensity score approach, Health Services Research, vol. 48, pp. 628à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"651 Jing, H, Xu, H, Wan, J, Yang, Y, Ding, H, Chen, M, Li, L, Lu, P, Hu, J Yang, J 2014, Effect o breastfeeding on childhood BMI and obesity: The China Family Panel studies, Medicine, vol. 93, no. 10, pp. e55. Jwa, SC, Fujiwara, T Kondo, N 2014, Latent protective effects of breastfeeding on late childhood overweight and obesity: A nationwide prospective study, Obesity, vol. 22, no. 6, pp.1527-1532. Kramer, MS, 1981, Do breast-feeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect against subsequent obesity?, The Journal of Paedi atrics, vol. 98, pp. 883-887. Kramer, MS Kakuma, R 2012, Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, viewed 27 August 2015, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2/epdf Kramer, MS, Matush, L, Vanilovich, I, Platt, RW, Bogdanovich, N, Sevkovskaya, Z, Dzikovich, I, Shishko, G, Collet, JP, Martin, RM, Davey Smith, G, Gillman, MW, Chalmers, B, Hodnett, E Shapiro, S 2007, Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 years: Evidence from a large randomized trial, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 86, pp. 1717-1721. Lefebvre, CM John, RM 2014, The effect of breastfeeding on childhood overweight and obesity: A systematic review of the literature, Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 386-401. Lucas, A Cole TJ 1990, Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet, vol. 336, pp .1519-1523. Martin, RM, Patel, R, Kramer, MS, Guthrie, L, Vilchuck, K, Bogdanovich, N, Bogdanovich, N, Sergeichick, N, Gusina, N, Foo, Y, Palmer, T, Rifas-Shiman, SL, Gillman, MW, Smith, GD Oken, E 2013, Effects of promoting longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding on adiposity and insulin-like growth factor-I at age 11.5 years: A randomized trial, Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 309, pp. 1005-1013. National Health Service 2015, Why breastfeed?, National Health Service, London, UK, viewed 27 August 2015, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/why-breastfeed.aspx Owen, CG, Martin, RM, Whincup, PH, Smith, GD Cook, DG 2005, Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence, Pediatrics, vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 1367-1377. Owen, CG, Martin, RM, Whincup, PH, Smith, GD Cook, DG 2006, Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of publ ished evidence, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 84, no. 5, pp. 1043-1054. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 2012, Position statement: Childhood obesity, viewed 27 August 2015, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, London, UK, https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page/obesitypositionstatement.pdf Savino, F, Liguori, SA, Fissore, MF Oggero, R 2009, Breast milk hormones and their protective effect on obesity, International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, EPUB. Vennemann, MM, Findeisen, M, Butterfass-Bahloul, T, Jorch, G, Brinkmann, B, Kopcke, W, Bajanowski, T Mitchell EA 2005, Modifiable risk factors for SIDS in Germany: results of GeSID, Acta Paediatricia, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 655-660. World Health Organisation 2015, Overweight and obesity, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, viewed 27 August 2015, https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ Yan, J, Lin, L, Zhu, Y, Huang, G Wang, PP 2014, The associatio n between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: A meta-analysis, BMC Public Health, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 467-490.

Do You Know You Are Not in the Matrix, and Does it Matter Free Essays

Subject: Science, Philosophy and Society Question: Do you know you are not in the Matrix, and does it matter? From my understanding, I am not live in a real life, I live in some kind of system such as Matrix Philosophers and physicists were discussed a lot about the matrix that we live in, so and they gave much more ideas about the computer simulation and a real life. From my point of view, we are absolutely live in the matrix, and the life is not real that we live. I think the world is somehow like a system and everything depends on one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Know You Are Not in the Matrix, and Does it Matter? or any similar topic only for you Order Now And I have enough clear reasons and examples to prove that. So if we think carefully and logically, we can admit that the life we live in is not real. Why? Let’s think logically, about on the planet Earth that we live in. If the moon was just a little bit further or closer away from our planet how that would affect and change everything and if we were further closer to the sun how that would affect and change everything and how our body has these complex functions process oxygen and sunlight what it produces and we it’s so complicated. And how we create, so we have been created right everything that we create in our society starts with a thought by our brain. The world we live in feels normal and ordinary. It feels like this is just how humans exist and always existed. But its not. According to my understanding, our planet is going round its axis, and we can not live on the planet than from the planet Earth. We are protected by the layers of the sky, and we are given air and water for our lives, and we will do other important things for survive by ourselves. For example; we are creating different types of physical and intelligent techniques to make things physically easer, and we are contrive different kind of products to use; we cultivate different kinds of plans to eat. If we do not do these things, we can not possibly imagine our lives. So from my understanding, it’s just like a perfectly structured program, and we’ve got this perfectly structured program, we have to play for alive and we have programmed into this planet Earth. Maybe my ideas are wrong, but think carefully, that our brain and body is such a perfectly structured system. For example; if we smell, hear, eat, touch, or see anything, we can not say it’s all real because everything we fell that automatically will send signals to our basic system which is brain. So we can easily say it is somehow like a system. If we do not have a brain we can not feel at all. Take an example of the stomach, and this is very complex such as other organisms is works like a system.so single cell of the 10000 trillions cells in our body actually has its own intelligence, yes is it incredible but when we zoom it, we can see it like a universe. Furthermore, how do we know that anything is exists how do we know there’s a world outside my mind I look around there a world of cars and tables and trees and buildings how do really that any of it is real I think none of them is real, so why? Because, many things that we see and the physical objects is not to show us the truth it is to hide the truth so that we do not have to deal with all that complexity and we have a little eye candy for our species that let us do what we need to do to stay alive. So we can see only outsides and we cannot see inside that things and as will as any kind of very little things. We can only see things simpler, but it will look totally different when we look at it with microscopic, closely-distinct, and distant proximity devices. For example, we cannot see bacteria floating in the air, so millions of different kinds of bacteria fly in the air we breathe. We cannot afford to see very small insects and neither plants.So I admire that everything that we see is not real. We see and feel this truth, but that does not mean we live in real life. We only see tenth of what we see around us, this mean we only see falsehood but not real. I believe that all people are created by Allah and live in a real life. And I want to say an example of a book created by God, the book is called Quran. If we take Islam from a religious point of view, if we see the Quran which is 1400yrs old, still mentions many facts which is we are not live in real life, for example we cannot see and feel any kind of the soul and the snouts, and this cannot be seen by human eyes, but animals can see it and also they can be seen on the camera images we are just living in a system that God has created, but we can see real life after we die. Some people may claim that the Quran was changed as new scientific facts were discovered. But this cannot be the case, because it is a historically documented fact that the Quran is preserved in it is original language. A Quran was written down and memorised by people during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. Thank you for your time. How to cite Do You Know You Are Not in the Matrix, and Does it Matter?, Papers

PPPM Application Systems for Fundamental Systems - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePPPM Application Systems for Fundamental Systems. Answer: Systems engineering has emerged to be a critical interdisciplinary approach enabling the full cycle of systems to be successful. The systems focus on sustaining operations, developing a solution, and formulating problems. With the SEBoK, the users can find relevant information regarding systems engineering thus makes it a living product with updates and refreshers(SEBoK 2017). Based on the portfolio, systems engineering provides information relating to engineering models, principles, and fundamental systems sciences. Interestingly, the systems engineering processes have proved critical to the management, specialist disciplines, engineering which are involved in the managed life cycle(Bourque and Fairley 2014). The manual systems applications have helped in developing products, the electronic systems engineering have benefited the enterprise and service systems. The systems engineering has proved important to readers because it allows them to understand the significance of improving the practice. It demonstrates the liabilities and risks associated with poor practices(Adcock, Hutchison and Nielsen 2016). In fact, it is evident that state of practice is evolving as engineers are expected to use model-based systems engineering to meet the demands of the market(SEBoK 2017). Most businesses prefer the adaptive and complex engineering systems to improve their performance. The systems engineering never operates in isolation but intersects with different disciplines(Adcock, Hutchison and Nielsen 2016). The disciplines are relevant to the engineering practice across the enterprise. Systems engineering operates within various knowledge areas. Nevertheless, systems engineering activities entail developing requirements, designing systems, and selecting life cycle model. Organizations have proved that they intend to operate efficiently through their project managers. For the success of these companies, the project managers should possess special competencies relevant to the systems engineers(Bourque and Fairley 2014). The systems engineers have the duties to enhance the ability of businesses to operate systems engineering. This involves the enabling teams, individuals, and enterprises and businesses. Systems engineering activities are essential for businesses to deliver values based on systems competencies, culture, and infrastructure and tooling. Bibliography Adcock, R., Hutchison, N., and Nielsen, C. 2016, "Defining an architecture for the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge", Annual IEEE Systems Conference (SysCon) 2016. Bourque, P, and Fairley, R. E. 2014, SWEBOK: Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA. SEBoK. 2017, March 27, Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge SEBoK v. 1.8, available at https://www.sebokwiki.org.